Classic Articles for Pediatricians Interested in Bioethics
Please note: The following information has not been approved or endorsed by the American Academy of Pediatrics or by the Section on Bioethics.

Note from the Web Editor: This listing of articles was compiled for the Section on Bioethics of the American Academy of Pediatrics by: Ed Forman, MD, FAAP, Lainie Friedman Ross, MD, PhD, FAAP, Brenda Jean Mears, MD, FAAP.

This list includes articles we believe may be of value to pediatricians interested in bioethics. The Web links are intended to help you locate the articles and may be to abstracts, a table of contents or to an actual article. Please remember Web links change over time and not everything is available by such links. The arrangement is alphabetical by author within topical areas. Since many works might easily be classified in several areas, check alternate headings. For example, if you are interested in deaths in neonatal units, check both end-of-life care and neonatology. If you are interested in books or more current work for this subject area, check the separate Book List file or the Current Articles listing. For journal articles prior to 2003, please check with the American Board of Pediatrics.

Abuse & Neglect
Hall DMB. Is Protecting Children Bad for Your Health? Arch Dis Child 2005:90:1105-106.

Mathews B, Bross DC. Mandated Reporting is Still a Policy with Reason: Empirical Evidence and Philosophical Grounds.  Child Abuse and Neglect. 2008;32:511-516. 

Access to care
Kass, N., A. Medley, et al. Access to Health Insurance: Experiences and Attitudes of Those with Genetic versus Non-Genetic Medical Conditions. American Journal of Medical Genetics 2007;143A: 707-717. 


Autism & Thimerosal
Offit PA. Thimerosal and Vaccines—A Cautionary Tale.  NEJM 2007;357(13):1278-1279.

Sugarman SD. Cases in Vaccine Court — Legal Battles over Vaccines and Autism. 
NEJM 2007;357(13):1275-1277. 

Circumcision
Hinchley G. Is Infant Male Circumcision an Abuse of the Rights of the Child? Yes. BMJ 2007;335:1180. 

Patrick K. Is Infant Male Circumcision an Abuse of the Rights of the Child? No. BMJ 2007;335:1181.

Cloning
Childress JF. Human Cloning and Human Dignity: The Report of the President's Council on Bioethics. Hastings Center Report. 2003;33(3):15-18. Levy N, Lotz M. Reproductive Cloning and a (Kind of) Genetic Fallacy. Bioethics 2005;19(3):232-250.

Codes
Developing World Bioethics. 2005;5(3). This issue is on the UNESCO Draft Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights.

Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Cohen MH, et al. Pediatric Use of Complementary Therapies: Ethical and Policy Choices. Pediatrics. 2005;116:e568-e575.

Communication / Relationships
Goldie J, et al. Whose Information Is It Anyway? Informing a 12-year-old Patient of Her Terminal Prognosis. J Med Ethics. 2005;31:427-434.

Howe EG. When, If Ever, Should Careproviders Give Moral Advice? J Clin Ethics.  2008;19(1):3-10. 

Keenan HT, et al. Comparison of Mothers' and Counselors' Perceptions of Predelivery Counseling for Extremely Premature Infants. Pediatrics 2005;116:104-111.

Koogler TK, Wilfond BS, Ross LF. Lethal Language, Lethal Decisions. Hastings Center Report. 2003;33(2):37-41.

Skotko B. Mothers of Children with Down Syndrome Reflect on Their Postnatal Support. Pediatrics 2005;115(1):64-77.

Wolfe L. Should Parents Speak With a Dying Child About Impending Death? NEJM 2004;351(12);1251-1253.

Conflict of interests
Crigger BJ. The Curious Saga of Congress, the NIH, and Conflict of Interest. Hastings Center Report 2005;35(2):13-14.

Hampton T. NIH Ethics Rules Revisited. JAMA 2005;293:2463.

J Med Ethics. 2004;30(1):1-52. A Symposium on the Olivieri Case in Canada. [a case of conflict between researcher and the company sponsoring the research.]

Katz D, Caplan AL, Mertz JF. All Gifts Large and Small. Am Jour Bioethics 2003;3(3):39-46.

Lemmons T. Piercing the Veil of Corporate Secrecy about Clinical Trials. Hastings Center Report 2004;34(5):14-23.

Resnik DB. Conflicts of Interest at the NIH: No Easy Solution. Hastings Center Report 2005;35(1):18-20.

Steinbrook R. Gag Clauses in Clinical-Trial Agreements. NEJM 2005;352(21):2160-2162.

Steinbrook R. Wall Street and Clinical Trials. NEJM 2005;353(11):1091-1093.

Consent (including parental consent)
Alderson P. Competent Children? Minors’ Consent to Health Care Treatment and Research.  Social Science & Medicine.  2007;65(11): 2272-2283. 

Benatar M, Benatar D. Between Prophylaxis and Child Abuse: The Ethics of Neonatal Male Circumcision. Am Jour Bioethics 2003;3(2):35.

Elias-Jones AC, Samanta J. The Implications of the David Glass Case for Future Clinical Practice in the UK. Arch Dis Child. 2005;90:822-825.

Fraser JJ, McAbee GN. Committee on Medical Liability. Dealing With the Parent Whose Judgment Is Impaired By Alcohol or Drugs: Legal and Ethical Considerations. Pediatrics. 2004;114:862-868.

Green JB, Duncan RE, et al. Putting the Informed into Consent: A Matter of Plain Language. J Paed & Child Health 2003;39(9):700-703. ["Health professionals frequently write at the same level for lay readers as they write for peers."]

Hunter D, Pierscionek BK. Children, Gillick Competency and Consent for Involvement in Research. J Med Ethics 2007;33(11):659-662.

McKechnie L, Gill AB. Consent for Neonatal Research. Arch Dis Child-Fetal and Neonatal Edition 2006;91:F374-F376.

Mercurio MR. An Adolescent’s Refusal of Medical Treatment: Implications of the Abraham Cheerix Case. Pediatrics 2007;120(6):1357-1358.

Ross LF. Informed Consent in Pediatric Research. Cambridge Quarterly Healthcare Ethics 2004;13:346-358.

Simon C, Eder M, Kodish E, Siminoff LA. Altruistic Discourse in the Informed Consent Process for Childhood Cancer Clinical Trials. Am J Bio. 2006;6(5):40.

Wong JGWS, Y Poon, EC Hui. "I can put the medicine in his soup, Doctor!" J Med Ethics 2005;31(5):262-265.
[Is it ethical to give medicine covertly?]

Development/ADD/Autism
Offit PA. Vaccines and Autism Revisited—The Hannah Poling Case. NEJM 2008;358(20):2089-2091. 

Disability
Cooper R. Can It Be a Good Thing to Be Deaf?  J Med & Phil 2007;32(6):563-583. 

Gagen WJ, Bishop JP. Ethics, Justification and the Prevention of Spina Bifida. J Med Ethics 2007;33(9):501-507.

Koch T. The Difference that Difference Makes: Bioethics and the Challenge of "Disability" J Med & Phil. 2004;29(6):697-716.

[Different definitions of personhood-an analysis of debate between Peter Singer and Harriet McBryde
Johnson] see also:

Shaw D. Deaf by Design: Disability and Impartiality.  Bioethics.  2008; 22(8):407-413. 

Drugs/Pharmacology
Diller L. Fallout From the Pharma Scandals: The Loss of Doctors' Credibility? Hastings Center Report 2005;35(3):28-29.

John T, et al. Children’s consent and paediatric research: is it appropriate for healthy children to be the decision-makers in clinical research?  Archives of Disease in Childhood 2008;93:379-383. 

Netzer C, et al. Pharmacogenetic Testing, Informed Consent and the Problem of Secondary Information. Bioethics 2004;18(4):344-360.

Schubert L. Ethical Implications of Pharmacogenetics-Do Slippery Slope Arguments Matter? Bioethics 2004;18(4): 361.

Smart A, et al. Tailored Medicine: Whom Will It Fit? The Ethics of Patient and Disease Stratification. Bioethics 2004;18(4): 322-343.

Stebbing C, et al. Pediatric Medication Safety and the Media: What Does the Public See? Pediatrics 2006;117(6):1907-1914.

Steinbrook R. Financial Conflicts of Interest and the Food and Drug Administration's Advisory Committees. NEJM 2005;352(2):116-118.

Strom BL. Potential for Conflict of Interest in the Evaluation of Suspected Adverse Drug Reactions. JAMA 2004;292(21):2643-2646. [Look for several related articles in this issue.]

Van Delden J, et al. Tailor Made Pharacotherapy: Future Developments and Ethical Challenges in the Field of Pharmacogenomics. Bioethics 2004;18(4):303-321.

Vitiello B, S Swedo. Antidepressant Medications in Children. NEJM 2004;350(15):1489-1491.

Duty/Virtues/”First Do No Harm”/Truth Telling
Beste J. Instilling Hope and Respecting Patient Autonomy: Reconciling Apparently Conflicting Duties.
Bioethics 2005:19(3):215-231. [Trying to give hope by softening the truth?]

Lyon TD, Dorado JS. Truth Induction in Young Maltreated Children: The Effects of Oath-Taking and Reassurance on True and False Disclosures.”  Child Abuse & Neglect.  2008;32:738-748. 

Rhodes R. Commentary: The Professional Obligation of Physicians in Times of Hazard and Need. Cambridge Quarterly Healthcare Ethics. 2006;15(4):424-428.

Eating Disorders
Giordano S. Risk and supervised exercise; the example of anorexia to illustrate a new ethical issue in the traditional debates of medical ethics. J Med Ethics 2005;31(1):15-20. [Although there are strong reasons to let anorexics participate in exercise classes, there is no moral obligation to allow them to do so.]

Economics and Financing
Anderson GJ, et al. Health Spending in the United States and the Rest of the Industrialized World. Health Affairs 2005;24(4): 903-914.

Baily MA. Managed Care Organizations and the Rationing Problem. Hastings Center Report. 2003;33:34-42.
[We do not have an acceptable account of how MCO's should ration care. We cannot guarantee adequate care to all without first having a definition of adequacy.]

Davis MM. Reasons and Remedies for Underinsurance for Child and Adolescent Vaccines. JAMA 2007;298(6):680-682. 

Dwyer J. Illegal Immigrants, Health Care, and Social Responsibility. Hastings Center Report. 2004;34(1):34-41.

Graber MA, JF Tansey. Autonomy, consent, and limiting healthcare costs. J Med Ethics. 2005;31:424-426.

Michael JL, Lewy JE. Influence of Public Funding on Health Care for Children. J Pediatrics 2005;146(6): 717-718.

Olson LM, et al. Children in the United States with Discontinuous Health Insurance Coverage. NEJM 2005;353(4):382-391.

Riley T, Kilbreth E. Health Coverage in the States--Maine's Plan for Universal Access. NEJM. 2004;350:330-332.

Scott C. Belief in a Just World: A Case Study in Public Health Ethics.  Hastings Center Report. 2008:38(1):16-19. This is a free download.

Education & Mentors
Coldicott Y, Pope C, Roberts C. The Ethics of Intimate Examinations-Teaching Tomorrow's Doctors. BMJ 2003;326:97-101.

Jagsi R, et al. The Ethics of Medical Education. BMJ 2004;329(7461):332-334.

Lapsley P. Patients in Medical Education and Research. BMJ 2004;329(7461);334.

Steinbrook R. Commercial Support and Continuing Medical Education. NEJM 2005:352(6): 534-535.

Verkerk M, et al. Enhancing Reflections: an interpersonal exercise in ethics education. Hastings Center Report. 2004;34(6)31-38.

End-of-Life Care/Dying
Andresen EM, et al. Provider Perceptions of Child Deaths. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2004;158(5):430-435.

Annas GJ. Culture of Life Politics at the Bedside-The Case of Terri Schiavo. NEJM 2005;352(16):1710-1715.

Appel JM. Defining Death: When Physicians and Families Differ. J Med Ethics 2005;31:641-642.

Bloche MG. Managing Conflict at the End of Life. NEJM 2005;352(23):2371-2373.

Boyle RJ, et al. Ethics of Refusing Parental Requests to Withhold or Withdraw Treatment from Their Premature Baby. JME 2004;30:402-405. [This issue of JME also has a number of other articles on end of life care.]

Burns JP. Is There Any Consensus about End-of-Life Care in Pediatrics? Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2005;159:889-891.

Feudtner C. Perspectives on Quality at the End of Life. Arch Ped Adol Med 2004:158(5):415-418.

Frader JE. Surveying Euthanasia Practices: Methods and Morality. Journal of Pediatrics 2005:146( 5):584-585.

Freyer DR. Care of the Dying Adolescent: Special Considerations Pediatrics 2004;113(2):381-388.

Godkin D. Should children's autonomy be respected by telling them of their imminent death? J Med Ethics 2006;32:24-25.

Goldie J, L Schwartz, J Morrison. Whose Information Is It Anyway? Informing a 12-year-old Patient of Her Terminal Prognosis. J Med Ethics. 2005;31:427-434.

Gostin LO. Ethics, the Constitution and the Dying Process: The Case of Theresa Marie Schiavo. Jama 2005;293:2403-2407.

Himelstein BP, Hilden JM, Boldt AM, Weissman D. Pediatric Palliative Care. NEJM 2004;350(17):1752.

Hurwitz CAQ, J Duncan, J Wolfe. Caring for the Child with Cancer at the Close of Life. JAMA 2004; 292(17):2141-2149.

Kimberly MB, et al. Pediatric Do-Not-Attempt Resuscitation Orders and Public Schools: a National Assessment of Policies and Laws. AJOB 2005;5(1):59-65.

Koch T. The Challenge of Terri Schiavo: Lessons for Bioethics. J Med Ethics 2005;31:376-378.

Liben S, et al. Paediatric Palliative Care: Challenges and Emerging Ideas.Lancet 2008;371(9615):852-864.

Markowitz AJ, McPhee SJ. Sudden Traumatic Death in Children: We Did Everything But Your Child Didn't Survive. JAMA 2006;296(11):1393.

McCullough LB. Neonatal Ethics at the Limits of Viability. Pediatrics 2005;116:1019-1021.

Powell R. Dilemmas in the Medical Treatment of Patients Facing Inevitable Death. Arch Dis Child 2007;92:746-749. 

Provst V. et al. Medical End of Life Decisions in Neonates and Infants in Flanders. Lancet 2005;365:1315-1320. [More than half of deaths among critically ill neonates and infants in this Belgium study involved end of life decisions.]

Quill TE. Terri Schiavo-a Tragedy Compounded. NEJM. 2005; 352(16):1630-1633.

Rushton CH. Ethics and Palliative Care in Pediatrics. Am J Nurs. 2004;104(4):54-63.

Sayeed SA. Baby Doe Redux? The Department of Health and Human Services and the Born Alive Infants Protection Act of 2002: a cautionary note on normative neonatal practice. Pediatrics 2005;116:e576-e585.

Seecharan GA, et al. Parents' Assessment of Quality of Care and Grief Following a Child's Death. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2004;158(6):515-520.

Siden HB. The Emerging Issue of Euthanasia. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2005;159:887-889.

Solomon MZ, et al. New and Lingering Controversies in Pediatric End-of-Life. Pediatrics 2005;116:872-883.

Ulrich CM, et al. Palliative Care: A Supportive Adjunct to Pediatric Phase I Clinical Trails for Anticancer Agent? Pediatrics 2004;114(3):852-855.

Verhagen E, Sauer P. The Groningen Protocol-Euthanasia in Severely Ill Newborns. NEJM 2005;352:959-962.

Vince T, Petros A. Should children's autonomy be respected by telling them of their imminent death? J Med Ethics. 2006;32:21-23.

Vrakking AM, et al. Medical End-of-Life Decisions for Children in the Netherlands. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2005;159:802-809.

Vrakking AM, van der Heide AM, Looman CWN, van Delden JJM, Onwuteaka-Philipsen BD, van der Maas PJ. J Pediatr 2005;146:611-617 Physician's Willingness to Grant Requests for Assistance in Dying for Children: A Study of Hypothetical Cases.

Wilkinson, DJ, et al. Death in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit: Changing Patterns of End of Life Care over Two Decades. Arch Dis Child-Fetal Neonatal Edition 2006;91:F268-271.

Enhancement/Modifications/Technology
Allen DB, Fost N. hGH for Short Stature: Ethical Issues Raised by Expanded Access. J Pediatrics 2004;144(5):648-652.

Brosco JP, Feudtner C. Growth Attenuation: A Diminutive Solution to a Daunting Problem. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2006;160:1077-1078.

Dees RH. Better Brains, Better Selves? The Ethics of Neuroenhancements.  Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal.  2008. 17(4): 371. 

Dresser R. Genetic Modification of Preimplantation Embryos: Toward Adequate Human Research Policies.
Milbank Quarterly 2004;82(1):195-214.

Edwards SD. The Ashley treatment: a step too far, or not far enough? Journal of Medical Ethics 2008;34:341-343. 

Giordano S. Lives in a chiaroscuro. Should we suspend the puberty of children with gender identity disorder?  Journal of Medical Ethics 2008;34:580-584. 

Gunther DF, Diekema DS. Attenuating Growth in Children with Profound Developmental Disability.
Arch Ped Adol Med 2006;160(10):1013-1017.

Lauritzen P. Stem Cells, Biotechnology, and Human Rights: Implications for a Posthuman Future. Hastings Center Report 2005;35(2):25-33.

Liao SM, et al. The Ashley Treatment: Best Interests, Convenience, and Parental Decision-Making.  Hastings Center Report 2007;37(2):16-

Lindsay RA. Enhancements and Justice: Problems in Determining the Requirements of Justice in a Genetically Transformed Society. Kennedy Institute of Ethics Jour. 2005;15(1):3-38.

Singh I. Will the "Real Boy" Please Behave: Dosing Dilemmas for Parents of Boys with ADHD. AJOB 2005;5(3):34.

Wilfond BS. The Ashley Case: The Public Response and Policy Implications.  Hastings Center Report.  2007; 37(5):12-13.

Ethics - general philosophy, ethical codes, etc
Baines P. Medical Ethics for Children: Applying the Four Principles to Paediatrics. J Med Ethics 2008;34(3): 141-145.

Helgesson G, Eriksson S. Against the principle that the individual shall have priority over science. J Med Ethics. 2008;34:54-56. 

Steinbrook R. Standards of Ethics at the National Institutes of Health. NEJM 2005;352(13): 1290-1292


Euthanasia
Costeloe K. Euthanasia in Neonates. BMJ 2007;334:912-913.

Kodish E. Paediatric Ethics: A Repudiation of the Groningen Protocol.  The Lancet.  2008;371: 892-893. 

Lindemann H, Verkerk M. Ending the Life of a Newborn: The Groningen Protocol. Hastings Center Report. 2008:38(1):42-51. this is a free download

Family
Davis DS. The Changing Face of Misidentified Paternity. J Med Phil 2007;32(4):359-373.

Draper H. Paternity Fraud and Compensation for Misattributed Paternity. J Med Ethics. 2007:33:475-480.

Fanos JH, et al. The Sibling Center: A Pilot Program for Siblings of Children & Adolescents with a Serious Medical Condition. J Pediatrics. 2005;146(6)

Farrelly C. The Case for Re-Thinking Incest Laws. Journal of Medical Ethics 2008;34:e11. 

Lindemann H, Nelson JL. The Romance of the Family.  Hastings Center Report. 2008;38(4). 

Lucast EK. Informed consent and the misattributed paternity problem in genetic counseling. Bioethics. 2007;21:41-50. 

Sheldon S, Wilkinson S. Should Selecting Saviour Siblings Be Banned? J Med Ethics 2004;30:533-537.

Spriggs M. Is Conceiving a Child To Benefit Another Against the Interests of the New Child? J Med Ethics 2005;31:341-342.

Stein M. et al. The Difficult Parent: A Reflective Pediatrician's Response. J Dev & Beh Ped. 2003;24(6):434-473.

Genetics
Bioethics Committee. Canadian Paediatric Society. Guidelines for Genetic Testing of Healthy Children. Paediatrics & Child Health 2003;8(1):42-45.

Braude P. Preimplantation Diagnosis for Genetic Susceptibility. NEJM 2006;355(6):541-543.

Clayton EW. Ethical, Legal and Social Implications of Genomic Medicine. NEJM 2003(6);349:562-569.

Cunniff C. Committee on Genetics. Prenatal Screening and Diagnosis for Pediatricians. Pediatrics 2004;114(3):889-894.

Duncan RE. Predictive Genetic Testing in Young People: When Is It Appropriate? J Paed and Child Health 2004;40(11):593-595.

Duncan RE, et al. Ethical Considerations in Presymptomatic Testing for Variant CJD. J Med Ethics 2005;31:625-630.

Farrell MH, Kuruvilla P. Assessment of Parental Understanding by Pediatric Residents During Counseling After Newborn Genetic Screening.   Arch Ped & Adol Med.  2008;162(3):199-204. 

Genetic Testing in Huntington's Disease. The Lancet 363(9416)

Gillam L, et al. Enhancing the Ethical Conduct of Genetic Research: Investigating Views of Parents on Including Their Healthy Children in a Study on Mild Hearing Loss. J Med Ethics 2006;32:537-541.

Gillett G. The Unwitting Sacrifice Problem. J Med Ethics 2005;31(6):327-332.

Hausman D. Protecting Groups from Genetic Research. Bioethics 2008;22(3):157-165.

Hill J. More Than I Wanted to Know. The Lancet. 2004;363(9421)
[This one is on genetic testing and the discovery of non genetic paternity.]

Kopelman LM. Using the Best Interests Standard to Decide Whether to Test Children for Untreatable Late-Onset Genetic Diseases. J Med Phil 2007;32(4):375-394.

Lin BK, AR Fleischman. Screening and Caring for Children with Rare Disorders.  Hastings Center Report. 2008.

Loftis JB. Germ-line Enhancement of Humans and Nonhumans. Kennedy Institute of Ethics Jour 2005;15(1): 57-76.

Mahowald MB. Prenatal Testing for Selection against Disabilities. Cambridge Quarterly Healthcare Ethics. 2007; 16:457-462. 

Malpas PJ. Predictive genetic testing of children for adult-onset diseases and psychological harm.  Journal of Medical Ethics 2008;34(4):275-278. 


Nelson JL. Testing Terminating and Discriminating.  Cambridge Quarterly Healthcare Ethics. 2007; 16:462-468. 

OffitK, Groeger E, et al. The "Duty to Warn" a Patient's Family Members about Hereditary Disease Risk.
JAMA 2004;292(12):1469-1473.

Roche PA, Annas GJ. DNA Testing, Banking, and Genetic Privacy. NEJM 2006;355(6):545-546.

Sevick MA, et al. Genetic Testing of Children for Late Onset Disease. Cambridge Quarterly Healthcare Ethics. 2005; 14:47-56.

Wilson J. To Know or Not to Know? Genetic Ignorance, Autonomy and Paternalism. Bioethics. 2005;19(5-6):492.

Zuckerman S, et al. Carrier Screening for Gaucher Disease. JAMA 2007;298:1281-1290.

Health Care Disparities
Bloche, MG Health Care Disparities - Science, Politics, and Race. NEJM 2004;350(15):1568-1570.

Steinbrook R. Disparities in Health Care - From Politics to Policy. NEJM 2004;350(15):1486-1488.

Human Rights
Hodges, FM et al. Prophylactic Interventions in Children: Balancing Human Rights with Public Health. J Med Ethics 2002;28(1):10-16. [This discusses circumcision, immunization and prophylactic mastectomy.]

Infectious disease, Vaccinations
Asveld L. Mass-Vaccination Programmes and the Value of Respect for Autonomy.  Bioethics. 2008;22(5):245-257. 

Basu S. Compulsory HPV Vaccination.  NEJM 2007;356(10):1074-1075. (letter)

Charo RA. Politics, Parents, and Prophylaxis-Mandating HPV Vaccination in the United States. NEJM 2007;356(19):  1905-1908. 
Look for related articles in the same issue. 

Corbin JR. Disclosure of HIV Status to an Infected Child: Confidentiality, Duty to Warn, and Ethical Practice. J Clin Ethics.  2008;19(1): 53-57.

Dawson A. The Determination of the Best Interests in Relation to Childhood Immunization. Bioethics 2005;19(2):188.

Dawson A. Vaccination and the Prevention Problem. Bioethics 2004;18(6):515-530. [A traditional objection to preventive medicine is concern about "inequitable distribution of benefits and risk of harm resulting from... focus on population-based interventions." The author concludes that there may be objections to therapeutic vaccines but not to prophylactic vaccination since herd immunity benefits all individuals in the population.]

Diekema DS and the Committee on Bioethics. Responding to Parental Refusals of Immunization of Children. Pediatrics 2005;115(5):1428-1431.

DiGiulio DB, Eckbrug PB. Monkeypox and Medical Ethics. Pediatr. Infect Dis. J, 2004;23(5):482-483.

Ethical Considerations in the Formation of Smallpox Vaccine Policy. Biosecurity and Bioterrorism: Biodefense Strategy. Practice and Science. 2003:1(1).

Field R, Caplan AL. A Proposed Ethical Framework for Vaccine Mandates: Competing Values and the Case of HPV. Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal. 2008;18(2):111-124.

Flanagan-Klygis EA, et al. Dismissing the Family Who Refuses Vaccines. Arch Ped Adol Med. 2005;159(10):929-934.

Gostin LO. Influenza Pandemic Preparedness: Legal and Ethical Dimensions. Hastings Center Report 2004;34(5):10-11.

Gostin LO, DeAngelis CD. Mandatory HPV Vaccination. JAMA 2007;297(17):1921-1923. 

Gostin LO, Bayer RO, Fairchild AL. Ethical and Legal Challenges Posed by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome. Implications for the Control of Severe Infectious Disease Threats. JAMA 2003:290(24);3229-3237.

Huber SJ. When Pestilence Prevails…Physician Responsibilities in Epidemics. AJOB 2004:4(1):W5.

Klitzman R, et al. Ethical Issues Concerning Disclosures of HIV Diagnoses to Perinatally Infected Children and Adolescents.  J Clin Ethics.  2008;19(1): 31-42. 

Kotalik J. Preparing for an Influenza Pandemic: Ethical Issues. Bioethics 2005;19(4):422.

May T. Public Communication, Risk Perception, and the Viability of Preventive Vaccination against Communicable Disease. Bioethics 2005;19(4):407.

Mello MM. Rationalizing Vaccine Injury Compensation. Bioethics 2008;22(1):32-42.

Mitchell CD, et al. Disclosure of HIV Status to an Infected Child: Medical, Psychological, Ethical, and Legal Perspectives in an Era of Super-Vertical Transmission.  J Clin Ethics.  2008;19(1): 43-52. 

Omer SB, et al. Nonmedical Exemptions to School Immunization Requirements: Secular Trends and Association of State Policies with Pertussis Incidence. JAMA 2006;296:1757-1763

Osmanov S. Executive summary and recommendations from WHO/UNAIDS and AAVP consultation on: 'The inclusion of adolescents in HIV vaccine trials', 16-18 March 2006 in Gaborone, Botswana. Aids. 2007;21:W1-10. 

Parmet WE, et al. Individual Rights versus the Public's Health-100 years after Jacobson v Massachusetts. NEJM 2005;352(7):652-654.

Selgelid MJ. Ethics and Infectious Disease. Bioethics 2005;19(3):272-289.

Should HPV Vaccines Be Mandatory for All Adolescents. The Lancet. 2006;368:1212.

Are There Characteristics of Infectious Diseases that Raise Special Ethical Issues. Developing World Bioethics 2004;4(1):1-16.

Thompson WW, et al. Early Thimerosal Exposure and Neuropsychological Outcomes at 7 to 10 Years. NEJM 2007;357(13):1281-1292. 

Wynia MK. Mandating Vaccination: What Counts as a “Mandate” in Public Health and When Should They Be Used? AJOB 2007;7(12):2. 

Intersex/Transgender
Ahmed SF, Morrison S, Hughes IA. Intersex and Gender Assignment; The Third Way? Arch Dis Child 2004; 89:851-855.

Eugster EA. Reality vs Recommendations in the Care of Infants with Intersex Conditions. Pediatr Adolesc Med 2004;158: 426-428.

Frader J, et al. Health Care Professionals and Intersex Conditions. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2004;158:426-428.

Giordano S. Lives in a chiaroscuro. Should we suspend the puberty of children with gender identity disorder?  Journal of Medical Ethics 2008;34:580-584. 

Sytsma S. Ethical Dilemmas in Retrospective Studies on Genital Surgery in the Treatment of Intersexual Infants. Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics. 2004;13(4): 394-403.

Legal
Annas GJ. HIPAA Regulations--A New Era of Medical-Record Privacy? New Eng J Med. 2003;348(15):1486-1490.

Mukherjee R, et al. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Law and Ethics. Lancet 2007;369(9568):1149-1150.

Paterick TE, Paterick TJ, Fletcher GF, Maron BJ. Medical and Legal Issues in the Cardiovascular Evaluation of Competitive Athletes. JAMA 2005;294(23):3011-3018.

Court-mediated Disputes between Physicians and Families over the Medical Care of Children. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2004;158:891-896.

Webb E. Discrimination Against Children. Arch Dis Child 2004;89:804-808.

Medical Error
Garbutt J, et al. Reporting and Disclosing Medical Errors: Pediatricians’ Attitudes and Behaviors.  Arch Pedia & Adol Med. 2007;161(2):179-185. 

Hobgood C, et al. Parental Preferences for Error Disclosure, Reporting, and Legal Action after Medical Error in the Care of their Children. Pediatrics 2005;116:1276-1286.

Pollack C, Bayley C, Mendiola M, McPhee S. Helping Clinicians Find Resolution after a Medical Error. Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 2003;12:203-207.

Ramsey, G. Nurses, Medical Errors and the Culture of Blame. Hastings Center Report 2005;35(2):20-21.

Neonatology
April C, Parker M. End of Life Decision-Making in Neonatal Care.  J Med Ethics 2007;33(3):126-127. 

Boyle RJ, Salter R, Arnander MW. Ethics of Refusing Parental Requests to Withhold or Withdraw Treatment from Their Premature Baby. J Med Ethics 2004;30:402-405.

Brazier M, Archard D. Letting Babies Die. J Med Ethics 2007;33(3):125-126. 

Culbert A, Davis DJ. Parental Peferences for Neonatal Resuscitation Research Consent: A Pilot Study. J Med Ethics 2005; 31:721-726.

Fine RL, Whitfield JM, Carr BL, Mayo TW. Medical Futility in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit: Hope for a Resolution. Pediatrics 2005;116(5):1219-1222.

Janvier A, Bauer KL, Lantos JD. Are Newborns Morally Different from Older Children? Theor Med Bioeth. 2007:28(5):413-425.

Kaposy C. Can infants have interests in continued life? Theor Med Bioeth. 2007;28:301-30. 

Kipnis K. Harm and Uncertainty In Newborn Intensive Care. Theor Med Bioeth. 2007:28(5):393-412.

Kopelman LM. Are the 21-year-old Baby Doe Rules Misunderstood or Mistaken? Pediatrics 2005; 115(3):797-802.

Robertson J. Extreme Prematurity and Parental Rights after Baby Doe. Hastings Center Report 2004;34:32-39.

Silverman WA. A Cautionary Tale about Supplemental Oxygen: The Albatross of Neonatal Medicine. Pediatrics 2004;113(2):394-396.

Wilkinson D. Is It In the Best Interests of an Intellectually Disabled Infant to Die? J Med Ethics 2006;32:454-459.

Newborn Screening
Acharya K, et al. Pediatricians' Attitudes Toward Expanding Newborn Screening. Pediatrics 2005;116:e476-e484.

Baily MA, TH Murray.  Ethics, Evidence, and Cost in Newborn Screening.  Hastings Center Report.  2008; 38(3):23-31

Botkin JR. Research for Newborn Screening: Developing a National Framework. Pediatrics 2005;116:862-871.

Botkin JR, et al. Newborn Screening Technology: Proceed with Caution. Pediatrics 2006:117(5):1793-1805.

Gross SD. Does Newborn Screening Save Money? The Difference Between Cost Effective and Cost Saving Interventions. J Peds 2005; 146(2):168-170.

Gurian EA, et al. False Positives in Expanded Newborn Screening. Pediatrics 2006;117(6):1915-1921.

Waisbren S. Newborn Screening for Metabolic Disorders JAMA 2006;296:993-995.

Nutrition
Schmidt H. Childhood Obesity and Parental Responsibilities.  Hastings Center Report  2008:38(4):3.  


Pain
Baker JN, et al. Pain Still Lords Over Children.  J Peds 2008;152(1):6-8. 

Hewitt M, et al. Opioid Use in Palliative Care of Children and Young People with Cancer.  J Peds 2008;152(1):39-44. 

Lee SJ, et al. Fetal Pain: A Systematic Multidisciplinary Review of the Evidence. JAMA 2005;294(8):947-954.

Long SS. Pain Control in Children and Young People with Cancer. J Peds 2008;152(1):A1. 

Politics and Conscientious Objection
Charo RA. The Celestial Fire of Conscience-Refusing to Deliver Medical Care. NEJM 2005;352(24):2471-2473.

Drazen JM, MFGreen, AJJ Wood. The FDA Politics and Plan B. NEJM 2004;350:1561-1562. [An editoral.]

Dresser R. Plan B: Politics and Values at the FDA. Hastings Center Report. 2004;34(6):9-10.

Manasse HR. Conscientious Objection and the Pharmacist. Science. 2005:308(5728):1558-1559.

Wicclair MR. Pharmacies, Pharmacists, and Conscientious Objection. Kennedy Institute Ethics Jour. 2006;16(3)

Public Health/ Bioterrorism
Rhodes R. Justice in Medicine and Public Health. Cambridge Quarterly Healthcare Ethics. 2005; 14(1):13-26.

Wexler ID, Dranski D, Kerem E. .War and Children. JAMA 2006;296(5):579-581.

Quality of Life
Rosenbaum P. Children’s Quality of Life: Separating the Person from the Disorder. Arch Dis Child 2008: 93:100-101.

Religion
Groopman J. God at the Bedside. NEJM 2004;350(12):1176-1178.

Jones DA. The Human Embryo in the Christian Tradition: a Reconsideration. J Med Ethics 2005;31:710-714.

Reproduction, Contraception, Assisted Reproduction
Benn P, Lupton M. Sterilisation of Young, Competent, & Childless Adults. BMJ 2005;330:1323-1325.

Burr J, Reynolds P. Thinking ethically about genetic inheritance: liberal rights, communitarianism and the right to privacy for parents of donor insemination children. Journal of Medical Ethics 2008;34(4):281-284.

Chan S, Quigley M. Frozen embryos, genetic information and reproductive rights. Bioethics. 2007;21:439-48.

Davis J. Selecting Potential Children and Unconditional Parental Love. Bioethics. 2008;22(5):258-268. 

Eisenberg ME, et al. Parental Notification Laws for Minors' Access to Contraception: What Do Parents Say? Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2005;159(2):113-119.

Herrissone-Kelly P. Parental Love and the Ethics of Sex Selection. Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics. 2007; 16(3):326-335. 

Jensen DA. Abortion, Embryonic Stem Cell Research and Waste. Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics. 2008;29(1):27-41.  “Can one consistently deny the permissibility of abortion while endorsing the killing of human embryos for the sake of stem cell research?”

Larcher V. Ethical Issues in Respect of Children Born after Assisted Reproduction Technologies.  Arch Dis Child 2007;92:670-671.

Levy N, M Lotz. Reproductive Cloning and a (Kind Of) Genetic Fallacy. Bioethics 2005;19(3):232-250. Liao SM. The Ethics of Using Genetic Engineering for Sex Selection. J Med Ethics 2005;31:116-118.

McDougall R. Parental Virtue: A New Way of Thinking about the Morality of Reproductive Actions. Bioethics. 2007;21(4):181-190.

Peterson MM. Assisted Reproductive Technologies and Equity of Access Issues. J Med Ethics 2005;31(5):280-285.

Peterson TS. Just diagnosis? Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis and Injustices to Disabled People. J Med Ethics 2005;31:231-234.

Scott R. Prenatal Testing, Reproductive Autonomy, and Disability Interests. Cambridge Quarterly Healthcare Ethics. 2005; 14(1):65-82.

Smith B, Brogaard B. Sixteen Days. J Med Phil. 2003;28(1):45-78.
["When does a human being begin to exist?......We lay down a set of conditions for being a
human being, and we determine when...these conditions are first satisfied."]

Spriggs M. Commodification of Children Again and Non Disclosure Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis for Huntington's Disease. J Med Ethics 2004; 30(6):538.

Spriggs M. Is conceiving a child to benefit another against the interests of the new child? J Med Ethics 2005;31:341-342.

Research
Ackerman TF. Moral Duties of Investigators towards Sick Children. IRB: A Review of Human Subjects Research. 1981. 3:1-5,4.

Ackerman TF. Moral Duties of Parents and Non-Therapeutic Research Procedures Involving Children. Bioethics Quarterly. 1980;2:94-111.

Ackerman TF. Phase I Pediatric Oncology Trials. J Pedi Onco Nursing. 1995;12(3):143-145.

Bear JC. What's My DNA Worth Anyway?" A Response to the Commercialization of Individuals' DNA Information. Perspectives in Biology and Medicine. 2004;47(2):273-289.

Burke TM, et al. Children's understanding of the risks and benefits associated with research. J Med Ethics. 2005;31:715-720.

Daniels SR. Should Adolescents Be Paid to Participate in Research. J Peds 2005 146(4):A1.

Dawson A, Spencer SA. Informing Children and Parents about Research. Arch Dis Child 2005;90: 233-235.

Dunn LB, NE Gordon. Improving Informed Consent and Enhancing Recruitment for Research by Understanding Economic Behavior. JAMA 2005;293(5):609-612.

Edward SD, McNamee MJ. Ethical Concerns Regarding Guidelines for the Conduct of Clinical Research on Children. J Med Ethics 2005;31:351-354.

Flory J, Emanuel E. Interventions to Improve Research Participants' Understanding in Informed Consent for Research. JAMA 2004;1593-1601.

Grigg J. Good Research Conduct. Arch Dis Child 2005;90:229-232.

Hamvas A, et al. Informed Consent for Genetic Research. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2004;158(6):551-555.

Harris J. Scientific Research Is a Moral Duty. J Med Ethics 2005;31:242-248.

Hartling l, et al. Factors Influencing the Publication of Randomized Controlled Trials in Child Health Research.
Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 204;158:983-987.

Is This Trial Fully Registered?-A Statement from the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors. JAMA 2005;293(23):2927-2929.

Kopelman LM. What Conditions Justify Risky Nontherapeutic or "No Benefit" Pediatric Studies:
A Sliding Scale Analysis. J Law, Medicine & Ethics 2004:32;749-758.

Mann H. Ethics of research involving vulnerable populations. Lancet 2003;363(9398).

Menikoff J. The Involuntary Research Subject. Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 2004;13(4):338-345.

Millum J, Emanuel EJ. The Ethics of International Research with Abandoned Children. Science. 318:1874-1875.

Moreno MA. Research Ethics in the MySpace Era. Pediatrics 2008;121(1):157-161.

Neill SJ. Research With Children: A Critical Review of the Guidelines. J Child Health Care 2005;9(1):46-58.

Pentz RD & Khayat AF. The Poster Child For the Need for Central Review of Research Protocols: The Children's Oncology Group. Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 2004;13(4):359-365.

Position Statement: Protection of Children Involved in Research Studies. J Ped Health Care 2004;18(3):A20-A21.

Reiser SJ. Research Compensation and the Monetarization of Medicine. JAMA 2005;293(5): 613-614.

Ross LF. Children in Medical Research: Balancing Protection and Access: Has the Pendulum Swung Too Far? Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 2004:47(4):519-536.

Ross LF. Informed Consent in Pediatric Research. Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 2004;13(4):346-358.

Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health: Ethics Advisory Committee. Guidelines for the Ethical Conduct of Medical Research Involving Children. Arch Dis Child 2000;82:177-182.

Salazar JC. Pediatric clinical trial experience: government, child, parent and physician's perspective.
Ped Inf Dis 2003;22:1124-1127. ["although children now have access to new medicines
during the development process, their participation in clinical trials must still protect them from undue risk and secure their well being."]

Shalowitz AB, et al. Disclosing Individual Results of Clinical Research. JAMA 2005;294:737-740.

Shah S, Whittle A, Wilfond B, et al. How Do Institutional Review Boards Apply the Federal Risk and Benefit Standards for Pediatric Research? JAMA 2004;291 476-482.

Shah S, Whittle A, Wilfond B, et al. How Do Institutional Review Boards Apply the Federal Risk and Benefit Standards for Pediatric Research? JAMA 2004;291 476-482.

Shamoo, Adil E. Moreno, Jonathan D. Ethics of Research Involving Mandatory Drug Testing of High School
Athletes in Oregon. AJOB;2004:4(1):25.

Smyth RL. Making a Difference: The Clinical Research Programme for Children. Arch Dis Child 2007;92:835-837.

Steinbrook R. Registration of Clinical Trials--Voluntary of Mandatory? NEJM 2004;351:1820-1822.

Steinbrook R. Public access to NIH-funded Research. NEJM 2005;352(17):1739-1741.

Sugarman J. Determining the Appropriateness of Including Children in Clinical Research: How Thick Is the Ice? JAMA 2004;291 494-496.

Varma S, Wendler D. Research Involving Wards of the State: Protecting Particularly Vulnerable Children. J Peds 2008;152(1):9-14.  

Taneja GS, et al. Participation of Next of Kin in Research Following Sudden, Unexpected Death of a Child. Arch Ped Adol Med. 2007;161(5):453-456.

Wendler D, et al. Quantifying the Federal Minimal Risk Standard: Implications for Pediatric Research without a Prospect of Direct Benefit. JAMA 2005;294:826-832.

Wendler D, Jenkins T. Children’s and Their Parents’ Views on Facing Research Risks for the Benefit of Others.  Arch Ped Adol Med. 2008;162(1):9-14.

Wendler D. Is it Possible to Protect Pediatric Research Subjects without Blocking Appropriate Research?  J Pediatrics 2008;152(4):467-470.

Wendler D. Protecting Subjects Who Cannot Give Consent. Hastings Center Report. 2005;35(5): 37-43.

Wendler, D. and C. Grady. (2008). “What should research participants understand to understand they are participants in research?”   Bioethics 22(4): 203-208.

Social Issues
Blacksher E. Children’s Health Inequalitites: Ethical and Political Challenges to Seeking Social Justice.  Hastings Center Report  2008:38(4):28-35. 

Stem cells and Embryo Research
Bok H, et al. Justice, Ethnicity and Stem Cell Banks. The Lancet 2004;364(9429).

Cameron C, Williamson R. In the World of Dolly, When Does a Human Embryo Acquire Respect? J Med Ethics 2005;31:215-220.

Caulfield T. Scientific Freedom and Research Cloning: Can a Ban Be Justified? The Lancet 2004;364(9429).

Cheshire WP. Human Embryo Research and the Language of Moral Uncertainty. AJOB 2004;4(1):1-5.

Christopher LR, et al. Clinical Challenges in Providing Embryos for Stem Cell Initiatives. The Lancet 2004;364(9429).

Cowan CA, et al. Derivation of Embryonic Stem-Cell Lines from Human Blastocysts. NEJM 2004;350(13):1353-1356.


Devolder K. Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research: Why the Discarded-Created-Distinction Cannot Be Based on the Potentiality Argument. Bioethics 2005;19(2):167-186.

Devolder K. Creating and Sacrificing Embryos for Stem Cells. J Med Ethics 2005;31:366-370.


Devolder K. Advance directives to protect embryos? J Med Ethics 2005;31(9):497-498.

Escolar ML, et al. Transplantation of Umbilical-Cord Blood in Babies with Infantile Krabbe's Disease. NEJM 2005;352:2069-2081.


Harris J. Stem Cells, Sex, and Procreation. Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics. 2003;12(4).

Holm S. The Ethical Case against Stem Cell Research. Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics. 2003;12(4):372-383.

Karpowicz P, et al. Developing human-nonhuman chimeras in human stem cell research: ethical issues and boundaries. Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal. 2005;15(2):107-134.

Knoepffler N. Stem Cell Research: An Ethical Evaluation of Policy Options. Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal 2004;14(1):55-74.

Kolers A. Cloning and Genetic Parenthood. Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics. 2003;12(4):401-410.

J Med Phil. 2004;29(5). This issue is on stem cell research in Europe.

Magnus D. Stem Cell Research should be more than a promise. Hastings Center Report 2004:34(5):35-36.

Mertes H, Pennings G. Embryonic Stem Cell-derived Gametes and Genetic Parenthood: A Problematic Relationship.  Cambridge Quarterly Healthcare Ethics. 2008;17(1): 7-14.

Murray TH. Will new ways of creating stem cells dodge the objections? Hastings Center Report 2005;35(1): 8-9.

Phimister EG, JM Drazen. Two Fillips for Human Embryonic Stem Cells. NEJM 2004;350(13):1351-1352.
An editorial.

Ross LF, Philipson LH. Letter: Ethics of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus.  JAMA. 2007;298:285.

Shapiro RS. Legislative Research Bans on Human Cloaning. Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics. 2003;12(4):393-400.

Slavin S. Smarter Rather Than Stronger Treatment of Haematological Malignancies and Non Malignant Indications for Stem Cell Transplantation. The Lancet 2004;364(9429).


Solbakk JH. Use and Abuse of Empirical Knowledge in Contemporary Bioethics; A Critical Analysis of Empirical Arguments Employed in the Controversy Surrounding Stem Cell Research. Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics. 2003;12(4):384-392.

Stanton C, Harris J. The Moral Status of the Embryo Post-Dolly. J Med Ethics 2005;31:221-225.

Streiffer, R. At the Edge of Humanity: Human Stem Cells, Chimeras, and Moral Status. Kennedy Institute
of Ethics Journal 2005;15(4):347-370.

Walters LeRoy. Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research: An Intercultural Perspective. Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal 2004;14(1):

Surgery
Miller FG, TJ Kaptchuk. Sham Procedures and the Ethics of Clinical Trials. J R Soc Med 2004;97:576-578.

Transplants
Appel JM, Fox MD. Organ Solicitation on the Internet: Every Man for Himself? Hastings Center Report 2005;35(3):14-15.

Boucek MM, et al. Pediatric Heart Transplantation after Declaration of Cardiocirculatory Death. NEJM 2008;359(7):709-714.

Bratton SL, et al. Pediatric Organ Transplantation Needs. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2006;160(5):468-472.

Curfman GD, et al. Cardiac Transplantation in Infants.  NEJM 2008;359(7):749-750.

Fleck LM. Children and Organ Donation: Some Cautionary Remarks. Cambridge Quarterly Healthcare Ethics. 2004:13(2):161-166.

Harrison CH, Laussen PC. Controversy and consensus on pediatric donation after cardiac death: ethical issues and institutional process. Transplant Proc. 2008;40(4):1044-7. 

Hoehn KS, Frader JE. Approaching Parents for Organ Donation: Who and When.  Pediatric Critical Care Medicine. 2008;9(2). 

Holm S. The Child as Organ and Tissue Donor: Discussions in the Danish Council of Ethics. Cambridge Quarterly Healthcare Ethics. 2004:13(2):156-160.

Jansen LA. Children Organ Donation, Family Autonomy, and Intimate Attachments. Cambridge Quarterly Healthcare Ethics. 2004:13(2):133-142.

Ladd RE. The Child as Living Donor: Parental Consent and Child Assent. Cambridge Quarterly Healthcare Ethics. 2004:13(2):143-148.

Pentz RD, et al. Designing an Ethical Policy for Bone Marrow Donation by Minors and Others Lacking Capacity. Cambridge Quarterly Healthcare Ethics. 2004:13(2):149-155.

Russell BJ. Fair Distribution and Patients Who Receive More than One Organ Transplant. J Clin Ethics 2002;13(1):40. [No one should take more than anyone else as long as scarcity is commonplace. No single person should ever receive more than one organ...]

Spital A. Conscription of Cadaveric Organs for Transplantation: A Stimulating Idea Whose Time Has Not Yet Come. Cambridge Quarterly Healthcare Ethics 2005; 14:107-112.

Steinberg D. Response to "Special Section on Children as Organ Donors": A Critique. Cambridge Quarterly Healthcare Ethics. 2005:14(3):301-305.

Steinbrook R. Public Solicitation of Organ Donors. NEJM 2005:353:441-444.

Truog RD. The Ethics of Organ Donation by Living Donors. NEJM 2005:353:444-446.

Wendler D, Emanuel E. Assessing the Ethical and Practical Wisdom of Surrogate Consent for Living Organ
Donation. JAMA 2004;291:732-735.

Zink S, et al. Examining the Potential Exploitation of UNOS Policies. AJOB 2005;5(4):6-11.

Zinner S. Cognitive Development and Pediatric Consent to Organ Donation. Cambridge Quarterly. 2004:13(2):125-132.

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