This listing of articles was compiled for the Section on Bioethics of the American Academy of Pediatrics by:
Ed Forman, MD, Lainie Friedman Ross, MD, PhD, Brenda Jean Mears, MD.

This list includes articles we believe may be of value to pediatricians interested in bioethics. The web links are intended to help you locate the articles and may be to abstracts, a table of contents or to an actual article. Please remember web links change over time and not everything is available by such links. The arrangement is alphabetical by author within topical areas. Since many works might easily be classified in several areas, check alternate headings. For example, if you are interested in deaths in neonatal units, check both end-of-life care and neonatology. If you are interested in books or more current work for this subject area, check the separate "Book List" file or the "Current Articles" listing. For journal articles prior to 2003, please check the American Board of Pediatrics web site.

American Board of Pediatrics. Bioethics Bibliography. 2004. http://www.abp.org/publicat/bioethics.pdf
[you may print this but please note that it is currently 61 pages long and downloads slowly]

Abuse & Neglect
Hall DMB. Is Protecting Children Bad for Your Health? Arch Dis Child 2005:90:1105-106.
http://adc.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/extract/90/11/1105

Access to care
Kass, N., A. Medley, et al. Access to Health Insurance: Experiences and Attitudes of Those with Genetic versus Non-Genetic Medical Conditions.
American Journal of Medical Genetics 2007;143A: 707-717. 
http://www.bioethics.nih.gov/publications/hull/hullajmg2007.pdf

Autism & Thimerosal
Offit PA. Thimerosal and Vaccines—A Cautionary Tale.  NEJM 2007;357(13):1278-1279. 
http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/357/13/1278?query=TOC
Sugarman SD. Cases in Vaccine Court — Legal Battles over Vaccines and Autism. 
NEJM 2007;357(13):1275-1277. 
http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/357/13/1275?query=TOC

Cloning
Childress JF. Human Cloning and Human Dignity: The Report of the President's Council on Bioethics. Hastings Center Report. 2003;33(3):15-18. Levy N, Lotz M. Reproductive Cloning and a (Kind of) Genetic Fallacy. Bioethics 2005;19(3):232-250.
http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-8519.2005.00439.x

Codes
Developing World Bioethics. 2005;5(3). http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/toc/dewb/5/3
This issue is on the UNESCO Draft Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights.

Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Cohen MH, et al. Pediatric Use of Complementary Therapies: Ethical and Policy Choices. Pediatrics. 2005;116:e568-e575.
http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/abstract/116/4/e568

Communication / Relationships
Goldie J, et al. Whose Information Is It Anyway? Informing a 12-year-old Patient of Her Terminal Prognosis. J Med Ethics. 2005;31:427-434.
http://jme.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/abstract/31/7/427

Keenan HT, et al. Comparison of Mothers' and Counselors' Perceptions of Predelivery Counseling for Extremely Premature Infants. Pediatrics 2005;116:104-111.
http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/abstract/116/1/104

Koogler TK, Wilfond BS, Ross LF. Lethal Language, Lethal Decisions. Hastings Center Report. 2003;33(2):37-41.

Skotko B. Mothers of Children with Down Syndrome Reflect on Their Postnatal Support. Pediatrics 2005;115(1):64-77.
http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/abstract/115/1/64

Wolfe L. Should Parents Speak With a Dying Child About Impending Death? NEJM 2004;351(12);1251-1253.
http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/short/351/12/1251?query=TOC

Conflict of interests
Crigger BJ. The Curious Saga of Congress, the NIH, and Conflict of Interest. Hastings Center Report 2005;35(2):13-14.
http://www.thehastingscenter.org/pdf/membership/hcr_toc_mar_apr_2005.pdf

Hampton T. NIH Ethics Rules Revisited. JAMA 2005;293:2463.
http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/293/20/2463?etoc

J Med Ethics. 2004;30(1):1-52. A Symposium on the Olivieri Case in Canada.
http://jme.bmjjournals.com/content/vol30/issue1/
[a case of conflict between researcher and the company sponsoring the research.]

Katz D, Caplan AL, Mertz JF. All Gifts Large and Small. Am Jour Bioethics 2003;3(3):39-46.
http://www.bioethics.net/journal/j_articles.php?aid=76&display=abstract

Lemmons T. Piercing the Veil of Corporate Secrecy about Clinical Trials. Hastings Center Report 2004;34(5):14-23.

Resnik DB. Conflicts of Interest at the NIH: No Easy Solution. Hastings Center Report 2005;35(1):18-20.
http://www.thehastingscenter.org/publications/hcr/hcr.asp

Steinbrook R. Gag Clauses in Clinical-Trial Agreements. NEJM 2005;352(21):2160-2162.
http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/short/352/21/2160?query=TOC

Steinbrook R. Wall Street and Clinical Trials. NEJM 2005;353(11):1091-1093.
http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/extract/353/11/1091

Consent (including parental consent)
Benatar M, Benatar D. Between Prophylaxis and Child Abuse: The Ethics of Neonatal Male Circumcision.
Am Jour Bioethics 2003;3(2):35.
http://www.bioethics.net/journal/j_articles.php?aid=78&display=abstract

Elias-Jones AC, Samanta J. The Implications of the David Glass Case for Future Clinical Practice in the UK. Arch Dis Child. 2005;90:822-825. http://adc.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/abstract/90/8/822

Fraser JJ, McAbee GN. Committee on Medical Liability. Dealing With the Parent Whose Judgment Is Impaired By Alcohol or Drugs: Legal and Ethical Considerations. Pediatrics. 2004;114:862-868.
http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/114/3/869

Green JB, Duncan RE, et al. Putting the Informed into Consent: A Matter of Plain Language. J Paed & Child Health 2003;39(9):700-703.
http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/abstract.asp?ref=1034-4810&vid=39&iid=9&aid=14&s=&site=1
["Health professionals frequently write at the same level for lay readers as they write for peers."]

Hunter D, Pierscionek BK. Children, Gillick Competency and Consent for Involvement in Research. J Med Ethics 2007;33(11):659-662. http://jme.bmj.com/cgi/content/abstract/33/11/659?etoc

McKechnie L, Gill AB. Consent for Neonatal Research. Arch Dis Child-Fetal and Neonatal Edition 2006;91:F374-F376.
http://fn.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/abstract/91/5/F374?etoc

Ross LF. Informed Consent in Pediatric Research. Cambridge Quarterly Healthcare Ethics 2004;13:346-358.
http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayIssue?jid=CQH&volumeId=13&issueId=04

Simon C, Eder M, Kodish E, Siminoff LA. Altruistic Discourse in the Informed Consent Process for Childhood Cancer Clinical Trials. Am J Bio. 2006;6(5):40.
http://www.bioethics.net/journal/j_articles.php?aid=1059&display=abstract

Wong JGWS, Y Poon, EC Hui. "I can put the medicine in his soup, Doctor!" J Med Ethics 2005;31(5):262-265. http://jme.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/abstract/31/5/262 [Is it ethical to give medicine covertly?]

Disability
Gagen WJ, Bishop JP. Ethics, Justification and the Prevention of Spina Bifida. J Med Ethics 2007;33(9):501-507. http://jme.bmj.com/cgi/content/abstract/33/9/501?etoc

Koch T. The Difference that Difference Makes: Bioethics and the Challenge of "Disability" J Med & Phil. 2004;29(6):697-716.
http://journalsonline.tandf.co.uk/(mi3mhli5khzlurvepup30b45)/app/home/contribution.asp?referrer=
parent&backto=issue,2,8;journal,5,46;linkingpublicationresults,1:104379,1
[Different definitions of personhood-an analysis of debate between Peter Singer and Harriet McBryde
Johnson] see also:
http://community-2.webtv.net/@HH!80!A2!2134BF518044/stigmanet/HarrietMcByrde/

Drugs/Pharmacology
Diller L. Fallout From the Pharma Scandals: The Loss of Doctors' Credibility? Hastings Center Report 2005;35(3):28-29.
http://www.thehastingscenter.org/publications/hcr/hcrarchive.asp#2003

Netzer C, et al. Pharmacogenetic Testing, Informed Consent and the Problem of Secondary Information. Bioethics 2004;18(4):344-360.
http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-8519.2004.00401.x

Schubert L. Ethical Implications of Pharmacogenetics-Do Slippery Slope Arguments Matter? Bioethics 2004;18(4): 361.
http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-8519.2004.00402.x

Smart A, et al. Tailored Medicine: Whom Will It Fit? The Ethics of Patient and Disease Stratification. Bioethics 2004;18(4): 322-343.
http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-8519.2004.00400.x

Stebbing C, et al. Pediatric Medication Safety and the Media: What Does the Public See? Pediatrics 2006;117(6):1907-1914. http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/abstract/117/6/1907

Steinbrook R. Financial Conflicts of Interest and the Food and Drug Administration's Advisory Committees. NEJM 2005;352(2):116-118. http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/short/353/2/116?query=TOC

Strom BL. Potential for Conflict of Interest in the Evaluation of Suspected Adverse Drug Reactions. JAMA 2004;292(21):2643-2646.
http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/extract/292/21/2643 [Look for several related articles in this issue.]

Van Delden J, et al. Tailor Made Pharacotherapy: Future Developments and Ethical Challenges in the Field of Pharmacogenomics. Bioethics 2004;18(4):303-321.
http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-8519.2004.00399.x

Vitiello B, S Swedo. Antidepressant Medications in Children. NEJM 2004;350(15):1489-1491.

Duty
Beste J. Instilling Hope and Respecting Patient Autonomy: Reconciling Apparently Conflicting Duties.
Bioethics 2005:19(3):215-231.
http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-8519.2005.00438.x
[Trying to give hope by softening the truth?]

Rhodes R. Commentary: The Professional Obligation of Physicians in Times of Hazard and Need. Cambridge Quarterly Healthcare Ethics. 2006;15(4):424-428. http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?aid=463169

Eating Disorders
Giordano S. Risk and supervised exercise; the example of anorexia to illustrate a new ethical issue in the traditional debates of medical ethics. J Med Ethics 2005;31(1):15-20. http://jme.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/abstract/31/1/15
[Although there are strong reasons to let anorexics participate in exercise classes, there is no moral obligation to allow them to do so.]

Economics and Financing
Anderson GJ, et al. Health Spending in the United States and the Rest of the Industrialized World. Health Affairs 2005;24(4): 903-914.
http://content.healthaffairs.org/cgi/content/abstract/24/4/903

Baily MA. Managed Care Organizations and the Rationing Problem. Hastings Center Report. 2003;33:34-42.
[We do not have an acceptable account of how MCO's should ration care. We cannot guarantee adequate care to all without first having a definition of adequacy.]

Davis MM. Reasons and Remedies for Underinsurance for Child and Adolescent Vaccines. JAMA 2007;298(6):680-682.  http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/298/6/680

Dwyer J. Illegal Immigrants, Health Care, and Social Responsibility. Hastings Center Report. 2004;34(1):34-41.

Graber MA, JF Tansey. Autonomy, consent, and limiting healthcare costs. J Med Ethics. 2005;31:424-426.
http://jme.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/abstract/31/7/424

Michael JL, Lewy JE. Influence of Public Funding on Health Care for Children. J Pediatrics 2005;146(6): 717-718.
http://www.jpeds.com/article/PIIS0022347605003914/fulltext

Olson LM, et al. Children in the United States with Discontinuous Health Insurance Coverage. NEJM 2005;353(4):382-391.
http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/short/353/4/382?query=TOC

Riley T, Kilbreth E. Health Coverage in the States--Maine's Plan for Universal Access. NEJM. 2004;350:330-332.
http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/short/350/4/330?query=TOC

Education
Coldicott Y, Pope C, Roberts C. The Ethics of Intimate Examinations-Teaching Tomorrow's Doctors. BMJ 2003;326:97-101.
http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/326/7380/97

Jagsi R, et al. The Ethics of Medical Education. BMJ 2004;329(7461):332-334. http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/329/7461/332

Lapsley P. Patients in Medical Education and Research. BMJ 2004;329(7461);334. http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/329/7461/334

Steinbrook R. Commercial Support and Continuing Medical Education. NEJM 2005:352(6): 534-535.
http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/extract/352/6/534

Verkerk M, et al. Enhancing Reflections: an interpersonal exercise in ethics education. Hastings Center Report. 2004;34(6)31-38.

End-of-Life Care/Dying
Andresen EM, et al. Provider Perceptions of Child Deaths. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2004;158(5):430-435.
http://archpedi.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/abstract/158/5/430

Annas GJ. Culture of Life Politics at the Bedside-The Case of Terri Schiavo. NEJM 2005;352(16):1710-1715.
http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/short/NEJMlim050643

Appel JM. Defining Death: When Physicians and Families Differ. J Med Ethics 2005;31:641-642.
http://jme.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/extract/31/11/641?etoc

Bloche MG. Managing Conflict at the End of Life. NEJM 2005;352(23):2371-2373.
http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/352/23/2371

Boyle RJ, et al. Ethics of Refusing Parental Requests to Withhold or Withdraw Treatment from Their Premature Baby. JME 2004;30:402-405. http://jme.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/abstract/30/4/402
[This issue of JME also has a number of other articles on end of life care.]

Burns JP. Is There Any Consensus about End-of-Life Care in Pediatrics? Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2005;159:889-891.
http://archpedi.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/extract/159/9/889?etoc

Feudtner C. Perspectives on Quality at the End of Life. Arch Ped Adol Med 2004:158(5):415-418.
http://archpedi.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/extract/158/5/415

Frader JE. Surveying Euthanasia Practices: Methods and Morality. Journal of Pediatrics 2005:146( 5):584-585.
http://www.jpeds.com/article/PIIS0022347605000855/fulltext

Freyer DR. Care of the Dying Adolescent: Special Considerations Pediatrics 2004;113(2):381-388.
http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/113/2/381

Godkin D. Should children's autonomy be respected by telling them of their imminent death? J Med Ethics 2006;32:24-25.
http://jme.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/extract/32/1/24?etoc

Goldie J, L Schwartz, J Morrison. Whose Information Is It Anyway? Informing a 12-year-old Patient of Her Terminal Prognosis. J Med Ethics. 2005;31:427-434.
http://jme.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/abstract/31/7/427

Gostin LO. Ethics, the Constitution and the Dying Process: The Case of Theresa Marie Schiavo. Jama 2005;293:2403-2407.
http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/293/19/2403?etoc

Himelstein BP, Hilden JM, Boldt AM, Weissman D. Pediatric Palliative Care. NEJM 2004;350(17):1752.
http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/extract/350/17/1752

Hurwitz CAQ, J Duncan, J Wolfe. Caring for the Child with Cancer at the Close of Life. JAMA 2004; 292(17):2141-2149.
http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/abstract/292/17/2141

Kimberly MB, et al. Pediatric Do-Not-Attempt Resuscitation Orders and Public Schools: a National Assessment of Policies and Laws. AJOB 2005;5(1):59-65. http://www.bioethics.net/journal/

Koch T. The Challenge of Terri Schiavo: Lessons for Bioethics. J Med Ethics 2005;31:376-378.
http://jme.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/abstract/31/7/376.

Markowitz AJ, McPhee SJ. Sudden Traumatic Death in Children: We Did Everything But Your Child Didn't Survive. JAMA 2006;296(11):1393.
http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/296/11/1393?etoc

McCullough LB. Neonatal Ethics at the Limits of Viability. Pediatrics 2005;116:1019-1021.
http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/extract/116/4/1019?etoc

Powell R. Dilemmas in the Medical Treatment of Patients Facing Inevitable Death. Arch Dis Child 2007;92:746-749.  http://adc.bmj.com/cgi/content/extract/92/9/746?etoc

Provst V. et al. Medical End of Life Decisions in Neonates and Infants in Flanders. Lancet 2005;365:1315-1320.
http://www.thelancet.com/journal/vol365/iss9467/full/llan.365.9467.primary_research.32936.1
[More than half of deaths among critically ill neonates and infants in this Belgium study involved end of life decisions.]

Quill TE. Terri Schiavo-a Tragedy Compounded. NEJM. 2005; 352(16):1630-1633. http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/short/NEJMp058062

Rushton CH. Ethics and Palliative Care in Pediatrics. Am J Nurs. 2004;104(4):54-63.

Sayeed SA. Baby Doe Redux? The Department of Health and Human Services and the Born Alive Infants Protection Act of 2002: a cautionary note on normative neonatal practice. Pediatrics 2005;116:e576-e585. http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/abstract/116/4/e576?etoc

Seecharan GA, et al. Parents' Assessment of Quality of Care and Grief Following a Child's Death. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2004;158(6):515-520.
http://archpedi.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/abstract/158/6/515

Siden HB. The Emerging Issue of Euthanasia. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2005;159:887-889.
http://archpedi.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/extract/159/9/887?etoc

Solomon MZ, et al. New and Lingering Controversies in Pediatric End-of-Life. Pediatrics 2005;116:872-883.
http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/abstract/116/4/872?etoc

Ulrich CM, et al. Palliative Care: A Supportive Adjunct to Pediatric Phase I Clinical Trails for Anticancer Agent? Pediatrics 2004;114(3):852-855.
http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/114/3/852-a

Verhagen E, Sauer P. The Groningen Protocol-Euthanasia in Severely Ill Newborns. NEJM 2005;352:959-962.
http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/short/352/10/959?query=TOC

Vince T, Petros A. Should children's autonomy be respected by telling them of their imminent death? J Med Ethics. 2006;32:21-23.
http://jme.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/abstract/32/1/21?etoc

Vrakking AM, et al. Medical End-of-Life Decisions for Children in the Netherlands. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2005;159:802-809.
http://archpedi.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/abstract/159/9/802?etoc

Vrakking AM, van der Heide AM, Looman CWN, van Delden JJM, Onwuteaka-Philipsen BD, van der Maas PJ. J Pediatr 2005;146:611-617
Physician's Willingness to Grant Requests for Assistance in Dying for Children: A Study of Hypothetical Cases. .

Wilkinson, DJ, et al. Death in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit: Changing Patterns of End of Life Care over Two Decades. Arch Dis Child-Fetal Neonatal Edition 2006;91:F268-271. http://fn.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/abstract/91/4/F268

Enhancement
Allen DB, Fost N. hGH for Short Stature: Ethical Issues Raised by Expanded Access. J Pediatrics 2004;144(5):648-652.

Brosco JP, Feudtner C. Growth Attenuation: A Diminutive Solution to a Daunting Problem. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2006;160:1077-1078.
http://archpedi.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/extract/160/10/1077

Dresser R. Genetic Modification of Preimplantation Embryos: Toward Adequate Human Research Policies.
Milbank Quarterly 2004;82(1):195-214. http://www.milbank.org/820105.html

Gunther DF, Diekema DS. Attenuating Growth in Children with Profound Developmental Disability.
Arch Ped Adol Med 2006;160(10):1013-1017.
http://archpedi.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/abstract/160/10/1013

Lauritzen P. Stem Cells, Biotechnology, and Human Rights: Implications for a Posthuman Future. Hastings Center Report 2005;35(2):25-33.

Liao SM, et al. The Ashley Treatment: Best Interests, Convenience, and Parental Decision-Making.  Hastings Center Report 2007;37(2):16-
https://www.thehastingscenter.org/hcaccts/include/download.asp?file=hcr_2007_mar_apr_essay.pdf

Lindsay RA. Enhancements and Justice: Problems in Determining the Requirements of Justice in a Genetically Transformed Society. Kennedy Institute of Ethics Jour. 2005;15(1):3-38.

Singh I. Will the "Real Boy" Please Behave: Dosing Dilemmas for Parents of Boys with ADHD. AJOB 2005;5(3):34.
http://www.bioethics.net/journal/j_articles.php?aid=755

Wilfond BS. The Ashley Case: The Public Response and Policy Implications.  Hastings Center Report.  2007; 37(5):12-13. I think this link will take you directly to the article. http://www.thehastingscenter.org/hcaccts/include/download.asp?file=hcr_2007_sep_oct_policy_politics.pdf 

Ethics - general philosophy, ethical codes, etc
Steinbrook R. Standards of Ethics at the National Institutes of Health. NEJM 2005;352(13): 1290-1292
http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/short/352/13/1290?query=TOC

Euthanasia
Costeloe K. Euthanasia in Neonates. BMJ 2007;334:912-913.
http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/extract/334/7600/912

Family
Davis DS. The Changing Face of Misidentified Paternity. J Med Phil 2007;32(4):359-373.

Draper H. Paternity Fraud and Compensation for Misattributed Paternity. J Med Ethics. 2007:33:475-480. http://jme.bmj.com/cgi/content/abstract/33/8/475?etoc

Fanos JH, et al. The Sibling Center: A Pilot Program for Siblings of Children & Adolescents with a Serious Medical Condition. J Pediatrics. 2005;146(6): http://www2.us.elsevierhealth.com/scripts/om.dll/serve?article=as0022347604011953

Lucast EK. Informed consent and the misattributed paternity problem in genetic counseling. Bioethics. 2007;21:41-50.  http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=951291

Sheldon S, Wilkinson S. Should Selecting Saviour Siblings Be Banned? J Med Ethics 2004;30:533-537.
http://jme.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/abstract/30/6/533

Spriggs M. Is Conceiving a Child To Benefit Another Against the Interests of the New Child? J Med Ethics 2005;31:341-342.
http://jme.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/abstract/31/6/341?etoc

Stein M. et al. The Difficult Parent: A Reflective Pediatrician's Response. J Dev & Beh Ped. 2003;24(6):434-473.

Genetics
Bioethics Committee. Canadian Paediatric Society. Guidelines for Genetic Testing of Healthy Children. Paediatrics & Child Health 2003;8(1):42-45. http://www.cps.ca/english/statements/B/b03-01.htm

Braude P. Preimplantation Diagnosis for Genetic Susceptibility. NEJM 2006;355(6):541-543. http://content.nejm.org/cgi/reprint/355/6/541.pdf

Clayton EW. Ethical, Legal and Social Implications of Genomic Medicine. NEJM 2003(6);349:562-569.

Cunniff C. Committee on Genetics. Prenatal Screening and Diagnosis for Pediatricians. Pediatrics 2004;114(3):889-894.
http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/abstract/114/3/889

Duncan RE. Predictive Genetic Testing in Young People: When Is It Appropriate? J Paed and Child Health 2004;40(11):593-595.
http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/abstract.asp?ref=1034-4810&vid=40&iid=11&aid=1&s=&site=1

Duncan RE, et al. Ethical Considerations in Presymptomatic Testing for Variant CJD. J Med Ethics 2005;31:625-630.
http://jme.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/abstract/31/11/625?etoc

Genetic Testing in Huntington's Disease. The Lancet 363(9416) http://www.thelancet.com/

Gillam L, et al. Enhancing the Ethical Conduct of Genetic Research: Investigating Views of Parents on Including Their Healthy Children in a Study on Mild Hearing Loss. J Med Ethics 2006;32:537-541. http://jme.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/abstract/32/9/537

Gillett G. The Unwitting Sacrifice Problem. J Med Ethics 2005;31(6):327-332. http://jme.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/abstract/31/6/327

Hill J. More Than I Wanted to Know. The Lancet. 2004;363(9421): http://www.thelancet.com/
[This one is on genetic testing and the discovery of non genetic paternity.]

Kopelman LM. Using the Best Interests Standard to Decide Whether to Test Children for Untreatable Late-Onset Genetic Diseases. J Med Phil 2007;32(4):375-394.

Loftis JB. Germ-line Enhancement of Humans and Nonhumans. Kennedy Institute of Ethics Jour 2005;15(1): 57-76.

Mahowald MB. Prenatal Testing for Selection against Disabilities. Cambridge Quarterly Healthcare Ethics. 2007; 16:457-462.  http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=
1299616&fulltextType=SC&fileId=S0963180107070594

Nelson JL. Testing Terminating and Discriminating.  Cambridge Quarterly Healthcare Ethics. 2007; 16:462-468.  http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=
1299628&fulltextType=SC&fileId=S0963180107070600

OffitK, Groeger E, et al. The "Duty to Warn" a Patient's Family Members about Hereditary Disease Risk.
JAMA 2004;292(12):1469-1473. http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/abstract/292/12/1469

Roche PA, Annas GJ. DNA Testing, Banking, and Genetic Privacy. NEJM 2006;355(6):545-546.
http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/355/6/545?query=TOC

Sevick MA, et al. Genetic Testing of Children for Late Onset Disease. Cambridge Quarterly Healthcare Ethics. 2005; 14:47-56.
http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayIssue?jid=CQH&volumeId=14&issueId=01

Wilson J. To Know or Not to Know? Genetic Ignorance, Autonomy and Paternalism. Bioethics. 2005;19(5-6):492.
http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-8519.2005.00460.x

Zuckerman S, et al. Carrier Screening for Gaucher Disease. JAMA 2007;298:1281-1290.
http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/298/11/1281?etoc

Health Care Disparities
Bloche, MG Health Care Disparities - Science, Politics, and Race. NEJM 2004;350(15):1568-1570.
http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/extract/350/15/1568

Steinbrook R. Disparities in Health Care - From Politics to Policy. NEJM 2004;350(15):1486-1488.
http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/extract/350/15/1486

Human Rights
Hodges, FM et al. Prophylactic Interventions in Children: Balancing Human Rights with Public Health. J Med Ethics 2002;28(1):10-16.
http://jme.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/abstract/28/1/10 [This discusses circumcision, immunization and prophylactic mastectomy.]

Infectious disease, Vaccinations
Basu S. Compulsory HPV Vaccination.  NEJM 2007;356(10):1074-1075. 
http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/356/10/1074  (letter)

Charo RA. Politics, Parents, and Prophylaxis-Mandating HPV Vaccination in the United States. NEJM 2007;356(19):  1905-1908.  http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/356/19/1905?query=TOC
Look for related articles in the same issue.  http://content.nejm.org/current.shtml

Dawson A. The Determination of the Best Interests in Relation to Childhood Immunization. Bioethics 2005;19(2):188.
http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-8519.2005.00433.x

Dawson A. Vaccination and the Prevention Problem. Bioethics 2004;18(6):515-530.
http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-8519.2004.00414.x?prevSearch=allfield%3A%28dawson%29
[A traditional objection to preventive medicine is concern about "inequitable distribution of benefits and risk of harm resulting from... focus on population-based interventions." The author concludes that there may be objections to therapeutic vaccines but not to prophylactic vaccination since herd immunity benefits all individuals in the population.]

Diekema DS and the Committee on Bioethics. Responding to Parental Refusals of Immunization of Children. Pediatrics 2005;115(5):1428-1431.
http://aappolicy.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/pediatrics;115/5/1428

DiGiulio DB, Eckbrug PB. Monkeypox and Medical Ethics. Pediatr. Infect Dis. J, 2004;23(5):482-483.

Ethical Considerations in the Formation of Smallpox Vaccine Policy. Biosecurity and Bioterrorism: Biodefense Strategy. Practice and Science. 2003:1(1).

Flanagan-Klygis EA, et al. Dismissing the Family Who Refuses Vaccines. Arch Ped Adol Med. 2005;159(10):929-934.
http://archpedi.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/abstract/159/10/929?etoc

Gostin LO. Influenza Pandemic Preparedness: Legal and Ethical Dimensions. Hastings Center Report 2004;34(5):10-11.

Gostin LO, DeAngelis CD. Mandatory HPV Vaccination. JAMA 2007;297(17):1921-1923. 
http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/297/17/1921?etoc

Gostin LO, Bayer RO, Fairchild AL. Ethical and Legal Challenges Posed by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome. Implications for the Control of Severe Infectious Disease Threats. JAMA 2003:290(24);3229-3237.
http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/abstract/290/24/3229

Huber SJ. When Pestilence Prevails…Physician Responsibilities in Epidemics. AJOB 2004:4(1):W5.
http://www.bioethics.net/journal/j_articles.php?aid=63

Kotalik J. Preparing for an Influenza Pandemic: Ethical Issues. Bioethics 2005;19(4):422.
http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-8519.2005.00453.x

May T. Public Communication, Risk Perception, and the Viability of Preventive Vaccination against Communicable Disease. Bioethics 2005;19(4):407.
http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-8519.2005.00452.x

Omer SB, et al. Nonmedical Exemptions to School Immunization Requirements: Secular Trends and Association of State Policies with Pertussis Incidence. JAMA 2006;296:1757-1763, http://jama.ama-
assn.org/cgi/content/full/296/14/1757?etoc

Osmanov S. Executive summary and recommendations from WHO/UNAIDS and AAVP consultation on: 'The inclusion of adolescents in HIV vaccine trials', 16-18 March 2006 in Gaborone, Botswana. Aids. 2007;21:W1-10.  http://www.aidsonline.com/pt/re/aids/abstract.00002030-200709120-
00033.htm;jsessionid=HXJQKP8fppdhFJBXH12p7gzvvctpGQKK8Z
6qt42JRMqjnq1zyj54!1071114923!181195629!8091!-1

Parmet WE, et al. Individual Rights versus the Public's Health-100 years after Jacobson v Massachusetts. NEJM 2005;352(7):652-654.
http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/extract/352/7/652

Selgelid MJ. Ethics and Infectious Disease. Bioethics 2005;19(3):272-289.
http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-8519.2005.00441.x

Should HPV Vaccines Be Mandatory for All Adolescents. The Lancet. 2006;368:1212.
http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140673606694944/fulltextSmith CB, et al.
Are There Characteristics of Infectious Diseases that Raise Special Ethical Issues. Developing World Bioethics 2004;4(1):1-16.
http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1471-8731.2004.00064.x

Thompson WW, et al. Early Thimerosal Exposure and Neuropsychological Outcomes at 7 to 10 Years. NEJM 2007;357(13):1281-1292.  http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/357/13/1281

Intersex
Ahmed SF, Morrison S, Hughes IA. Intersex and Gender Assignment; The Third Way? Arch Dis Child 2004; 89:851-855.
http://adc.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/extract/89/9/847

Eugster EA. Reality vs Recommendations in the Care of Infants with Intersex Conditions. Pediatr Adolesc Med 2004;158: 426-428.
http://archpedi.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/extract/158/5/428

Frader J, et al. Health Care Professionals and Intersex Conditions. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2004;158:426-428.
http://archpedi.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/extract/158/5/426

Sytsma S. Ethical Dilemmas in Retrospective Studies on Genital Surgery in the Treatment of Intersexual Infants. Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics. 2004;13(4): 394-403.
http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayIssue?jid=CQH&volumeId=13&issueId=04

Legal
Annas GJ. HIPAA Regulations--A New Era of Medical-Record Privacy? New Eng J Med. 2003;348(15):1486-1490.
http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/extract/348/15/1486

Mukherjee R, et al. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Law and Ethics. Lancet 2007;369(9568):1149-1150..  http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/full?volume=369&issue=9568

Paterick TE, Paterick TJ, Fletcher GF, Maron BJ. Medical and Legal Issues in the Cardiovascular Evaluation of Competitive Athletes. JAMA 2005;294(23):3011-3018.
http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/294/23/3011?etocRidgway D.

Court-mediated Disputes between Physicians and Families over the Medical Care of Children. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2004;158:891-896.
http://archpedi.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/abstract/158/9/891

Webb E. Discrimination Against Children. Arch Dis Child 2004;89:804-808. http://adc.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/extract/89/9/804

Medical Error
Garbutt J, et al. Reporting and Disclosing Medical Errors: Pediatricians’ Attitudes and Behaviors.  Arch Pedia & Adol Med. 2007;161(2):179-185. 

Hobgood C, et al. Parental Preferences for Error Disclosure, Reporting, and Legal Action after Medical Error in the Care of their Children. Pediatrics 2005;116:1276-1286.
http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/abstract/116/6/1276

Pollack C, Bayley C, Mendiola M, McPhee S. Helping Clinicians Find Resolution after a Medical Error. Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 2003;12:203-207. http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayIssue?jid=CQH&volumeId=12&issueId=02

Ramsey, G. Nurses, Medical Errors and the Culture of Blame. Hastings Center Report 2005;35(2):20-21.

Neonatology
April C, Parker M. End of Life Decision-Making in Neonatal Care.  J Med Ethics 2007;33(3):126-127.  http://jme.bmj.com/cgi/content/extract/33/3/126

Boyle RJ, Salter R, Arnander MW. Ethics of Refusing Parental Requests to Withhold or Withdraw Treatment from Their Premature Baby. J Med Ethics 2004;30:402-405.
http://jme.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/abstract/30/4/402

Brazier M, Archard D. Letting Babies Die. J Med Ethics 2007;33(3):125-126. 
http://jme.bmj.com/cgi/content/extract/33/3/125

Culbert A, Davis DJ. Parental Peferences for Neonatal Resuscitation Research Consent: A Pilot Study. J Med Ethics 2005; 31:721-726.
http://jme.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/abstract/31/12/721?etoc

Fine RL, Whitfield JM, Carr BL, Mayo TW. Medical Futility in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit: Hope for a Resolution. Pediatrics 2005;116(5):1219-1222. http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/abstract/116/5/1219?etoc

Kopelman LM. Are the 21-year-old Baby Doe Rules Misunderstood or Mistaken? Pediatrics 2005; 115(3):797-802.
Robertson J. Extreme Prematurity and Parental Rights after Baby Doe. Hastings Center Report 2004;34:32-39.
Silverman WA. A Cautionary Tale about Supplemental Oxygen: The Albatross of Neonatal Medicine. Pediatrics 2004;113(2):394-396.
http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/113/2/394

Wilkinson D. Is It In the Best Interests of an Intellectually Disabled Infant to Die? J Med Ethics 2006;32:454-459.
http://jme.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/abstract/32/8/454?etoc

Newborn Screening
Acharya K, et al. Pediatricians' Attitudes Toward Expanding Newborn Screening. Pediatrics 2005;116:e476-e484.
http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/abstract/116/4/e476

Botkin JR. Research for Newborn Screening: Developing a National Framework. Pediatrics 2005;116:862-871.
http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/abstract/116/4/862

Botkin JR, et al. Newborn Screening Technology: Proceed with Caution. Pediatrics 2006:117(5):1793-1805.

Gross SD. Does Newborn Screening Save Money? The Difference Between Cost Effective and Cost Saving Interventions. J Peds 2005; 146(2):168-170.
http://journals.elsevierhealth.com/periodicals/ympd/search/quick#

Gurian EA, et al. False Positives in Expanded Newborn Screening. Pediatrics 2006;117(6):1915-1921. http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/117/6/1915

Waisbren S. Newborn Screening for Metabolic Disorders JAMA 2006;296:993-995.
http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/296/8/993?etoc

Pain
Lee SJ, et al. Fetal Pain: A Systematic Multidisciplinary Review of the Evidence. JAMA 2005;294(8):947-954.
http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/abstract/294/8/947?eaf

Politics and Conscientious Objection
Charo RA. The Celestial Fire of Conscience-Refusing to Deliver Medical Care. NEJM 2005;352(24):2471-2473.
http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/352/24/2471

Drazen JM, MFGreen, AJJ Wood. The FDA Politics and Plan B. NEJM 2004;350:1561-1562.
http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/extract/350/15/1561 [An editoral.]

Dresser R. Plan B: Politics and Values at the FDA. Hastings Center Report. 2004;34(6):9-10.
http://www.thehastingscenter.org/publications/hcr/hcrarchive.asp

Manasse HR. Conscientious Objection and the Pharmacist. Science. 2005:308(5728):1558-1559.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/308/5728/1558

Wicclair MR. Pharmacies, Pharmacists, and Conscientious Objection. Kennedy Institute Ethics Jour. 2006;16(3):
http://muse.uq.edu.au/journals/kennedy_institute_of_ethics_journal/toc/ken16.3.html

Public Health/ Bioterrorism
Rhodes R. Justice in Medicine and Public Health. Cambridge Quarterly Healthcare Ethics. 2005; 14(1):13-26.
http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayIssue?jid=CQH&volumeId=14&issueId=01

Wexler ID, Dranski D, Kerem E. .War and Children. JAMA 2006;296(5):579-581.
http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/296/5/579?etoc

Religion
Groopman J. God at the Bedside. NEJM 2004;350(12):1176-1178. http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/extract/350/12/1176

Jones DA. The Human Embryo in the Christian Tradition: a Reconsideration. J Med Ethics 2005;31:710-714.
http://jme.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/abstract/31/12/710?etoc

Reproduction, Contraception, Assisted Reproduction
Benn P, Lupton M. Sterilisation of Young, Competent, & Childless Adults. BMJ 2005;330:1323-1325.
http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/330/7503/1323

Chan S, Quigley M. Frozen embryos, genetic information and reproductive rights. Bioethics. 2007;21:439-48.  http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-8519.2007.00581.x

Eisenberg ME, et al. Parental Notification Laws for Minors' Access to Contraception: What Do Parents Say? Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2005;159(2):113-119.
http://archpedi.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/abstract/159/2/120

Herrissone-Kelly P. Parental Love and the Ethics of Sex Selection. Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics. 2007; 16(3):326-335. 

Larcher V. Ethical Issues in Respect of Children Born after Assisted Reproduction Technologies.  Arch Dis Child 2007;92:670-671. http://adc.bmj.com/cgi/content/extract/92/8/670?etoc

Levy N, M Lotz. Reproductive Cloning and a (Kind Of) Genetic Fallacy. Bioethics 2005;19(3):232-250. Liao SM. The Ethics of Using Genetic Engineering for Sex Selection. J Med
Ethics 2005;31:116-118. http://jme.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/abstract/31/2/116

McDougall R. Parental Virtue: A New Way of Thinking about the Morality of Reproductive Actions. Bioethics. 2007;21(4):181-190.  http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-8519.2007.00544.x

Peterson MM. Assisted Reproductive Technologies and Equity of Access Issues. J Med Ethics 2005;31(5):280-285.
http://jme.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/abstract/31/5/280

Peterson TS. Just diagnosis? Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis and Injustices to Disabled People. J Med Ethics 2005;31:231-234.
http://jme.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/extract/31/4/231

Scott R. Prenatal Testing, Reproductive Autonomy, and Disability Interests. Cambridge Quarterly Healthcare Ethics. 2005; 14(1):65-82. http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayIssue?jid=CQH&volumeId=14&issueId=01

Smith B, Brogaard B. Sixteen Days. J Med Phil. 2003;28(1):45-78.
["When does a human being begin to exist?......We lay down a set of conditions for being a
human being, and we determine when...these conditions are first satisfied."]

Spriggs M. Commodification of Children Again and Non Disclosure Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis for Huntington's Disease. J Med Ethics 2004; 30(6):538.
http://jme.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/extract/30/6/538


Spriggs M. Is conceiving a child to benefit another against the interests of the new child? J Med Ethics 2005;31:341-342.
http://jme.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/abstract/31/6/341?etoc

Research
Ackerman TF. Moral Duties of Investigators towards Sick Children. IRB: A Review of Human Subjects Research. 1981. 3:1-5,4.

Ackerman TF. Moral Duties of Parents and Non-Therapeutic Research Procedures Involving Children. Bioethics Quarterly. 1980;2:94-111.

Ackerman TF. Phase I Pediatric Oncology Trials. J Pedi Onco Nursing. 1995;12(3):143-145.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=7646835
&dopt=Abstract

Bear JC. What's My DNA Worth Anyway?" A Response to the Commercialization of Individuals' DNA Information. Perspectives in Biology and Medicine. 2004;47(2):273-289.

Burke TM, et al. Children's understanding of the risks and benefits associated with research. J Med Ethics. 2005;31:715-720.
http://jme.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/abstract/31/12/715?etoc

Daniels SR. Should Adolescents Be Paid to Participate in Research. J Peds 2005 146(4):A1.
http://journals.elsevierhealth.com/periodicals/ympd/issues/contents#

Dawson A, Spencer SA. Informing Children and Parents about Research. Arch Dis Child 2005;90: 233-235.
http://adc.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/extract/90/3/233

Dunn LB, NE Gordon. Improving Informed Consent and Enhancing Recruitment for Research by Understanding Economic Behavior. JAMA 2005;293(5):609-612.

Edward SD, McNamee MJ. Ethical Concerns Regarding Guidelines for the Conduct of Clinical Research on Children. J Med Ethics 2005;31:351-354.
http://jme.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/abstract/31/6/351?etoc

Flory J, Emanuel E. Interventions to Improve Research Participants' Understanding in Informed Consent for Research. JAMA 2004;1593-1601.
http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/abstract/292/13/1593

Grigg J. Good Research Conduct. Arch Dis Child 2005;90:229-232.


Hamvas A, et al. Informed Consent for Genetic Research. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2004;158(6):551-555.
http://archpedi.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/abstract/158/6/551

Harris J. Scientific Research Is a Moral Duty. J Med Ethics 2005;31:242-248. http://jme.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/extract/31/4/242

Hartling l, et al. Factors Influencing the Publication of Randomized Controlled Trials in Child Health Research.
Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 204;158:983-987.
http://archpedi.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/abstract/158/10/983

Is This Trial Fully Registered?-A Statement from the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors. JAMA 2005;293(23):2927-2929.
http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/293/23/2927?etoc

Kopelman LM. What Conditions Justify Risky Nontherapeutic or "No Benefit" Pediatric Studies:
A Sliding Scale Analysis. J Law, Medicine & Ethics 2004:32;749-758.

Mann H. Ethics of research involving vulnerable populations. Lancet 2003;363(9398).

Menikoff J. The Involuntary Research Subject. Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 2004;13(4):338-345.
http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayIssue?jid=CQH&volumeId=13&issueId=04

Neill SJ. Research With Children: A Critical Review of the Guidelines. J Child Health Care 2005;9(1):46-58.
http://chc.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/9/1/46

Pentz RD & Khayat AF. The Poster Child For the Need for Central Review of Research Protocols: The Children's Oncology Group. Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 2004;13(4):359-365.
http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayIssue?jid=CQH&volumeId=13&issueId=04

Position Statement: Protection of Children Involved in Research Studies. J Ped Health Care 2004;18(3):A20-A21.
http://www.jpedhc.org/article/PIIS0891524504000690/fulltext

Reiser SJ. Research Compensation and the Monetarization of Medicine. JAMA 2005;293(5): 613-614.
http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/extract/293/5/613

Ross LF. Children in Medical Research: Balancing Protection and Access: Has the Pendulum Swung Too Far? Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 2004:47(4):519-536.
http://muse.jhu.edu/cgi-bin/access.cgi?uri=/journals/perspectives_in_biology_and_
medicine/v047/47.4ross.html&session=86467101

Ross LF. Informed Consent in Pediatric Research. Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 2004;13(4):346-358.
http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayIssue?jid=CQH&volumeId=14&issueId=03

Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health: Ethics Advisory Committee. Guidelines for the Ethical Conduct of Medical Research Involving Children. Arch Dis Child 2000;82:177-182.
http://www.ich.ucl.ac.uk/ich/r&d/forms/rcpch_guidelines_erc.pdf

Salazar JC. Pediatric clinical trial experience: government, child, parent and physician's perspective.
Ped Inf Dis 2003;22:1124-1127. ["although children now have access to new medicines
during the development process, their participation in clinical trials must still protect them from undue risk and secure their well being."]

Shalowitz AB, et al. Disclosing Individual Results of Clinical Research. JAMA 2005;294:737-740.
http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/extract/294/6/737

Shah S, Whittle A, Wilfond B, et al. How Do Institutional Review Boards Apply the Federal Risk and Benefit Standards for Pediatric Research? JAMA 2004;291 476-482.
http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/abstract/291/4/476?etoc

Shah S, Whittle A, Wilfond B, et al. How Do Institutional Review Boards Apply the Federal Risk and Benefit Standards for Pediatric Research? JAMA 2004;291 476-482.
http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/abstract/291/4/476?etoc

Shamoo, Adil E. Moreno, Jonathan D. Ethics of Research Involving Mandatory Drug Testing of High School
Athletes in Oregon. AJOB;2004:4(1):25.
http://www.bioethics.net/journal/j_articles.php?aid=38&display=abstract

Smyth RL. Making a Difference: The Clinical Research Programme for Children. Arch Dis Child 2007;92:835-837. http://adc.bmj.com/cgi/content/extract/92/10/835?etoc

Steinbrook R. Registration of Clinical Trials--Voluntary of Mandatory? NEJM 2004;351:1820-1822.
http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/351/18/1820?query=TOC

Steinbrook R. Public access to NIH-funded Research. NEJM 2005;352(17):1739-1741.
http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/352/17/1739?query=TOC

Sugarman J. Determining the Appropriateness of Including Children in Clinical Research: How Thick Is the Ice? JAMA 2004;291 494-496. http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/291/4/494?etoc

Taneja GS, et al. Participation of Next of Kin in Research Following Sudden, Unexpected Death of a Child. Arch Ped Adol Med. 2007;161(5):453-456.  http://archpedi.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/abstract/161/5/453

Wendler D, et al. Quantifying the Federal Minimal Risk Standard: Implications for Pediatric Research without a Prospect of Direct Benefit. JAMA 2005;294:826-832.
http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/294/7/826?etoc

Wendler D. Protecting Subjects Who Cannot Give Consent. Hastings Center Report. 2005;35(5): 37-43.

Stem cells and Embryo Research
Bok H, et al. Justice, Ethnicity and Stem Cell Banks. The Lancet 2004;364(9429). http://thelancet.com/journal/vol364/iss9429/contents

Cameron C, Williamson R. In the World of Dolly, When Does a Human Embryo Acquire Respect? J Med Ethics 2005;31:215-220.
http://jme.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/abstract/31/4/215

Caulfield T. Scientific Freedom and Research Cloning: Can a Ban Be Justified? The Lancet 2004;364(9429).
http://thelancet.com/journal/vol364/iss9429/contents

Cheshire WP. Human Embryo Research and the Language of Moral Uncertainty. AJOB 2004;4(1):1-5.
http://www.bioethics.net/journal/j_articles.php?aid=24&display=abstract

Christopher LR, et al. Clinical Challenges in Providing Embryos for Stem Cell Initiatives. The Lancet 2004;364(9429).
http://thelancet.com/journal/vol364/iss9429/contents

Cowan CA, et al. Derivation of Embryonic Stem-Cell Lines from Human Blastocysts. NEJM 2004;350(13):1353-1356.
http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/extract/350/13/1353

Devolder K. Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research: Why the Discarded-Created-Distinction Cannot Be Based on the Potentiality Argument. Bioethics 2005;19(2):167-186.
http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-8519.2005.00432.x

Devolder K. Creating and Sacrificing Embryos for Stem Cells. J Med Ethics 2005;31:366-370.
http://jme.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/abstract/31/6/366?etoc

Devolder K. Advance directives to protect embryos? J Med Ethics 2005;31(9):497-498.
http://jme.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/extract/31/9/497

Escolar ML, et al. Transplantation of Umbilical-Cord Blood in Babies with Infantile Krabbe's Disease. NEJM 2005;352:2069-2081.
http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/short/352/20/2069?query=TOC

Harris J. Stem Cells, Sex, and Procreation. Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics. 2003;12(4).

Holm S. The Ethical Case against Stem Cell Research. Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics. 2003;12(4):372-383.
http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayIssue?jid=CQH&volumeId=12&issueId=04

Karpowicz P, et al. Developing human-nonhuman chimeras in human stem cell research: ethical issues and boundaries. Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal. 2005;15(2):107-134.

Knoepffler N. Stem Cell Research: An Ethical Evaluation of Policy Options. Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal 2004;14(1):55-74.

Kolers A. Cloning and Genetic Parenthood. Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics. 2003;12(4):401-410.
http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayIssue?jid=CQH&volumeId=12&issueId=04

J Med Phil. 2004;29(5). This issue is on stem cell research in Europe. http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals/titles/03605310.asp

Magnus D. Stem Cell Research should be more than a promise. Hastings Center Report 2004:34(5):35-36.

Murray TH. Will new ways of creating stem cells dodge the objections? Hastings Center Report 2005;35(1): 8-9.
http://www.thehastingscenter.org/publications/hcr/hcr.asp

Phimister EG, JM Drazen. Two Fillips for Human Embryonic Stem Cells. NEJM 2004;350(13):1351-1352.
http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/350/13/1351 An editorial.

Ross LF, Philipson LH. Letter: Ethics of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus.  JAMA. 2007;298:285. http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/298/3/285

Shapiro RS. Legislative Research Bans on Human Cloaning. Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics. 2003;12(4):393-400.
http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayIssue?jid=CQH&volumeId=12&issueId=04

Slavin S. Smarter Rather Than Stronger Treatment of Haematological Malignancies and Non Malignant Indications for Stem Cell Transplantation. The Lancet 2004;364(9429).
http://thelancet.com/journal/vol364/iss9429/contents

Solbakk JH. Use and Abuse of Empirical Knowledge in Contemporary Bioethics; A Critical Analysis of Empirical Arguments Employed in the Controversy Surrounding Stem Cell Research.
Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics. 2003;12(4):384-392.
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Stanton C, Harris J. The Moral Status of the Embryo Post-Dolly. J Med Ethics 2005;31:221-225.
http://jme.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/abstract/31/4/221

Streiffer, R. At the Edge of Humanity: Human Stem Cells, Chimeras, and Moral Status. Kennedy Institute
of Ethics Journal 2005;15(4):347-370.

Walters LeRoy. Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research: An Intercultural Perspective. Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal 2004;14(1):

Surgery
Miller FG, TJ Kaptchuk. Sham Procedures and the Ethics of Clinical Trials. J R Soc Med 2004;97:576-578.
http://www.jrsm.org/content/vol97/issue12/

Transplants
Appel JM, Fox MD. Organ Solicitation on the Internet: Every Man for Himself? Hastings Center Report 2005;35(3):14-15.

Bratton SL, et al. Pediatric Organ Transplantation Needs. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2006;160(5):468-472. http://archpedi.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/extract/160/5/468?etoc

Fleck LM. Children and Organ Donation: Some Cautionary Remarks. Cambridge Quarterly Healthcare Ethics. 2004:13(2):161-166.
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Holm S. The Child as Organ and Tissue Donor: Discussions in the Danish Council of Ethics. Cambridge Quarterly Healthcare Ethics. 2004:13(2):156-160. http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayIssue?jid=CQH&volumeId=13&issueId=02

Jansen LA. Children Organ Donation, Family Autonomy, and Intimate Attachments. Cambridge Quarterly Healthcare Ethics. 2004:13(2):133-142.
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Ladd RE. The Child as Living Donor: Parental Consent and Child Assent. Cambridge Quarterly Healthcare Ethics. 2004:13(2):143-148. http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayIssue?jid=CQH&volumeId=13&issueId=02

Pentz RD, et al. Designing an Ethical Policy for Bone Marrow Donation by Minors and Others Lacking Capacity. Cambridge Quarterly Healthcare Ethics. 2004:13(2):149-155. http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayIssue?jid=CQH&volumeId=13&issueId=02

Russell BJ. Fair Distribution and Patients Who Receive More than One Organ Transplant. J Clin Ethics 2002;13(1):40. [No one should take more than anyone else as long as scarcity is commonplace. No single person should ever receive more than one organ...]

Spital A. Conscription of Cadaveric Organs for Transplantation: A Stimulating Idea Whose Time Has Not Yet Come. Cambridge Quarterly Healthcare Ethics 2005; 14:107-112. http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayIssue?jid=CQH&volumeId=14&issueId=01

Steinberg D. Response to "Special Section on Children as Organ Donors": A Critique. Cambridge Quarterly Healthcare Ethics. 2005:14(3):301-305.
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Steinbrook R. Public Solicitation of Organ Donors. NEJM 2005:353:441-444.
http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/short/353/5/441?query=TOC

Truog RD. The Ethics of Organ Donation by Living Donors. NEJM 2005:353:444-446.
http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/353/5/444?query=TOC

Wendler D, Emanuel E. Assessing the Ethical and Practical Wisdom of Surrogate Consent for Living Organ
Donation. JAMA 2004;291:732-735. http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/extract/291/6/732

Zink S, et al. Examining the Potential Exploitation of UNOS Policies. AJOB 2005;5(4):6-11.


Zinner S. Cognitive Development and Pediatric Consent to Organ Donation. Cambridge Quarterly. 2004:13(2):125-132.
http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayIssue?jid=CQH&volumeId=13&issueId=02

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